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Article History

Received: 4 July 2024

Accepted: 16 January 2025

First Online: 1 February 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants involved in the study. Participants were involved in experiments about the study and had the opportunity to ask questions before fill-up the questionnaire. Participants were informed that they could refuse to complete the questionnaire without penalty or consequences. The questionnaire ensured participants’ anonymity, as no identifying details were required.

: The research committee of the School of Foreign Languages of Guilin University of Technology approved this study with an ethical approval letter on Jan 5th, 2024 (Approval number: 010524SFL). The study fulfilled all the ethics requirements regarding human participants. The research was conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki’s appropriate rules and regulations that apply when involving human participants. The collected data, consisting solely of anonymized performance results, was used exclusively for academic purposes. The study did not involve any sensitive personal information.