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Article History

Received: 9 July 2024

Accepted: 23 January 2025

First Online: 8 February 2025

Competing interests

: The author declares no conflict of interest regarding the research, authorship, and publication of this work.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Changshu Institute of Technology and the principles outlined in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study received ethical approval from the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Changshu Institute of Technology (Approval Number: 2022-015) on June 18, 2022. The committee confirmed that the use of such data complies with ethical standards, including the protection of privacy and confidentiality. The scope of this approval includes all procedures described in the study, ensuring compliance with the highest ethical standards.

: This study involves non-interventional research and analyzes publicly available data solely for academic purposes. The data used in this study were obtained from publicly available bullet-screen comments on the platform Bilibili, where all information is accessible to the public. No private or personally identifiable information was collected, and user anonymity was strictly maintained. Consent for the use of this data was obtained indirectly at the time users agreed to the platform’s terms of service, which explicitly state that comments posted on the platform are publicly visible and accessible. The scope of this consent includes the use of publicly available bullet-screen comments for purposes such as academic research, as outlined in the platform’s terms (refer to “Bilibili Privacy Policy,” ).