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Article History

Received: 10 September 2024

Accepted: 23 January 2025

First Online: 4 February 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and all procedures were conducted in accordance with these regulations to ensure the protection of participants’ rights, confidentiality, anonymity and informed consent throughout the research process. The Institutional Ethics Committee of Technological Institute of Sonora granted approval (Date of approval: 8 June 2022; Official letter No. 168). This approval included the following aspects of the study: participant recruitment, data collection, and analysis.

: This study obtained written informed consent from adolescents and their parents or legal guardians, a process carried out by researchers before data collection. Given the involvement of children, care was taken to ensure that consent was obtained appropriately. Parents and legal guardians received detailed information about the study’s objectives and the rights of the participants, emphasizing that their children’s participation was voluntary and that they had the right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Adolescents were also fully informed about the purpose of the research and how their data would be used, with assurances that their anonymity and confidentiality would be strictly protected. The consent form covered participation in the study, the use of the collected data for research purposes, and permission to publish potential anonymized findings. The adolescents and their parents or legal guardians signed the consent forms to indicate their agreement.