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Article History

Received: 13 January 2024

Accepted: 13 February 2025

First Online: 24 April 2025

Competing Interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This research was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki, including its subsequent amendments and other relevant ethical guidelines. It received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Shandong University on April 11, 2022, with the approval number 2022-0411-L04. The approval covered the project’s timeline, research domain, content, design, methods, participant types, etc., ensuring full compliance with ethical standards for studies involving human participants.

: Informed consent was obtained in writing from all participants during June, 2022. The consent clearly outlined the study’s purpose, data collection scope, and agreement to the publication of the research results. Participants were assured that their anonymity and confidentiality would be maintained, and that the collected data would be used exclusively for research analysis and not disclosed to third parties. They were informed that participation was voluntary, and they could withdraw at any time without any consequences. As the study involved non-interventional research, participants were assured that there were no risks associated with their participation.