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Article History

Received: 12 May 2024

Accepted: 19 February 2025

First Online: 28 February 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Academic Ethics Committee of the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (Approval ID: [2023-09-20-AI]) on September 20th, 2023. The research was conducted in full compliance with the ethical guidelines set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki. The approval covers the use of questionnaires and experiments involving human participants. The experiments are designed to detect whether participants can tell AI-generated images, rather than medical experiments.

: The data collection process started on November 17th, 2023 and ended on january 8th, 2024. During this period, informed consent was obtained in written from all participants (all adults) for participation in the study. The consent form outlined the purpose of the study, the procedures involved, the use of data, and the potential for publication of the results.