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Article History

Received: 22 July 2024

Accepted: 19 February 2025

First Online: 5 March 2025

Change Date: 22 April 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: In this article the affiliation details for Wei Zhang were incorrectly given as '1. Surrey Institute of Education, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.' and '2. Ningbo University of Finance and Economics, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.' but should have been '1. Ningbo University of Finance and Economics, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.' and '2. Surrey Institute of Education, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.'. The original article has been corrected.

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee at the University of Surrey (Approval Reference: CENT 21-22 005 EGA). Approval was granted on 7 March 2022, prior to the commencement of the research, and remained valid until 25 June 2022. As part of the ethical approval process, local approval from the participating institution in Shaanxi Province, China was first obtained. This institutional approval was documented in the Study Protocol, which was subsequently reviewed and approved by the University of Surrey’s Ethics Committee. The ethical approval covers all aspects of the study, including participant recruitment, data collection, and data analysis. All research procedures were conducted following the relevant guidelines and regulations applicable to human research, including the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study, conducted by the first author from March to June 2022. Consent covered participation, data use, and publication. Participants were assured of confidentiality and anonymity. They were also provided with the researcher’s email address for any further inquiries. The consent process and all procedures adhered to ethical guidelines to ensure participant rights and data integrity.