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Article History

Received: 4 June 2024

Accepted: 20 February 2025

First Online: 3 March 2025

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: All procedures in this study were in accordance with the institutional research and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. As the study was not medical research nor regarded human experimentation as stated in the Declaration of Helsinki, and the questions in the questionnaire did not have any adverse effect on the mental health status of the respondents, ethical approval was waived for this questionnaire-based study by the Ethical Committee of Guangzhou University on February 1, 2023. In addition, all respondents were at least 18 years old and consented to participate in the research study by completing the questionnaire. The information collected is strictly confidential, anonymous, and used for research purposes only.

: Informed consent was obtained from the respondents included in the study. Before participating in the questionnaire, respondents were presented with the informed consent form, which informed them of the purpose of the study, the confidentiality and anonymity of the information, the voluntary nature of their participation, and the right to withdraw from the study at any time. If respondents chose “I would like to take part in the study”, they were allowed to participate in subsequent questionnaires. Finally, all respondents agreed to participate in the study and consented to have their data processed.