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Authors
Mohd Radzi, Naziatul Aziah
Saidi, Normaizatul Akma https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8543-0162
Hassan, Suziana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1051-158X
Ibrahim, Mohamad Syahrul Nizam
Lee, Khai Ern https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1463-3787
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Article History
Received: 16 March 2024
Accepted: 27 February 2025
First Online: 8 March 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The protocol and methodology for this study were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (Ethics approval number: JEP-2023-892) on 19 January 2024. All procedures involving human participants adhered to the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees, as well as the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Primary data were collected through interviews with eight key informants—top management individuals from selected companies in Malaysia’s broadcasting, telecommunications, postal, and courier industries. Participation was voluntary, and confidentiality was strictly maintained throughout the study.
: Prior to participation, all individuals received an information sheet detailing the research objectives, methodology, potential benefits, possible risks, and data confidentiality measures. Informed written consent was obtained from all participants for both participation and publication of the findings. Participants were assured of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without consequences.
