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Article History

Received: 3 June 2024

Accepted: 27 February 2025

First Online: 25 March 2025

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in full compliance with the ethical guidelines of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the College of Foreign Languages, Hainan University. The study protocol, including participant recruitment, data collection, and confidentiality measures, was formally reviewed and approved by the IRB on June 15, 2023, under the approval number HNU-CFL-2023-067. This approval confirms that all research activities adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and institutional policies on research involving human participants. The study posed minimal risk to participants and was conducted in strict accordance with national and institutional ethical standards governing research with human subjects.

: Prior to participation, all subjects received a detailed participant information sheet outlining the study objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. They were explicitly informed that participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw at any time without any consequences. Additionally, participants were assured that all data collected would remain confidential and anonymized, with no identifying information disclosed in research outputs. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before their inclusion in the study, and a copy of the signed consent form was provided to each participant for their records.