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Article History

Received: 6 June 2024

Accepted: 27 February 2025

First Online: 17 March 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Normal University (approval number 2024030; date of approval: 5th March 2024). All research procedures followed the relevant institutional and national research committee ethical standards and guidelines.

: The survey was conducted upon informed consent previously gained from participants, who agreed to provide data for data analysis for this study. We informed each respondent of their rights and to safeguard their personal information. Because this study adopted the online survey method, a brief informed consent statement was presented in the introduction of the online survey without providing an informed written consent form. Moreover, confidentiality and anonymity were assured, as this study did not collect identifying details such as names and email addresses.