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Article History

Received: 23 July 2024

Accepted: 27 February 2025

First Online: 17 June 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors. Because this article is based on secondary analysis of public data, ethical approval was neither required nor obtained.

: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors. Data for this study was obtained from the publicly available open data resource of the Ukrainian Center for Educational Quality Assessment (UCEQA), published at . The individuals whose records appear in these datasets were informed of data collection and usage through the official procedures governing External Independent Evaluation (EIE) or National Multi-subject Test (NMT), as mandated by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. Specifically, the public order states: “The fact of receiving the registration card at the processing point is the basis for processing personal data in the process of preparing and conducting external independent evaluation …in accordance with the requirements of the Law of Ukraine ’On Personal Data Protection’.” By submitting registration documents or providing information through the Information and Communication System for the NMT, participants gave their consent for the collection and use of their data. As a result, the published, deidentified datasets from UCEQA are legally permitted for unrestricted research and dissemination purposes in compliance with Ukrainian legislation.