Document is current

Article History

Received: 29 September 2024

Accepted: 27 February 2025

First Online: 31 March 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This research does not involve ethical issues that require approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRB). The study is based on a survey conducted among participants without collecting sensitive personal data or performing any interventions that would necessitate ethical oversight. The research adhered to standard academic practices, including ensuring the anonymity and confidentiality of respondents, in compliance with applicable guidelines and regulations. We confirm that the study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in [e.g., the Declaration of Helsinki or relevant local/national regulations, if applicable]. If needed, we are prepared to provide additional information or documentation clarifying the ethical considerations of this study.

: This study is based on secondary data from the 2015 national 1% population sampling survey, a large-scale, representative survey conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics of China. As the data were collected and anonymized by the official survey organizers prior to our access, no additional interventions or interactions with participants were conducted as part of this study. Therefore, informed consent from participants for this specific research was not applicable. We confirm that the use of this data adheres to all relevant guidelines and regulations, and the anonymity and confidentiality of the participants were strictly maintained throughout our analysis.