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Article History

Received: 21 November 2023

Accepted: 27 February 2025

First Online: 13 March 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was granted ethical approval by the Law School of Chongqing University (approval decision number: 220722), China, on April 25, 2022. The data were obtained via email. The authors strictly adhered to the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. Respondents’ names, identification, addresses, or any other identifying information were not requested. The anonymity and confidentiality of all participants were maintained throughout the research process. Participation was entirely voluntary, and all respondents were fully informed of the study’s objectives and procedures before consenting.

: Informed consents were obtained from participants on three separate dates: June 12, 2022; July 14, 2022; and August 16, 2022. The informed consent form included the study title, purpose, procedures, confidentiality, voluntary participation, and inquiry procedures. Respondents were asked to indicate their willingness to provide informed consent via email before answering the questions. Respondents were also assured of their anonymity and the confidentiality of their responses.