Lu, Ke https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6729-0709
Shi, Chunmei
Article History
Received: 3 April 2024
Accepted: 26 February 2025
First Online: 8 March 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The ethical approval was confirmed as not required by the School of Management Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, on June 9, 2023, and the reasons are as follows. All procedures in this study adhere to the institutional research guidelines and the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments or comparable ethical standards. Given that this study does not fall within the scope of medical research and does not involve human experimentation as stated in the Declaration of Helsinki, and considering that the questions in the questionnaire have no adverse effects on the mental health status of the respondents, according to the regulations of the authors’ institution (Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology), ethical approval is not required for this questionnaire-based study. In detail, during the study process, the research adhered strictly to the following guidelines. Firstly, all participants were thoroughly informed about the study’s objectives and procedures prior to participating in the survey. Secondly, a straightforward questionnaire was employed, designed to gather anonymous data about the participants, excluding any identifying information. Thirdly, the confidentiality of all collected data was upheld with utmost vigilance.
: The survey was conducted online via Sojump, a Chinese online survey platform, in December, 2023. Before initiating the data collection process, the authors provided all participants with written informed consent. Participants were clearly informed that their participation was voluntary and that the information they provided would be treated with the utmost confidentiality and anonymity. Furthermore, this research intentionally avoided collecting any identifying details, such as names, addresses, or affiliations. Additionally, participants were fully informed of their right to withdraw from the survey at any point during the process.