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Article History

Received: 28 July 2024

Accepted: 27 February 2025

First Online: 24 March 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in compliance with all relevant institutional, local, and national regulations regarding research involving human participants. In line with the Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare guidelines (Article 1), certain studies are exempt from ethics committee review when specific conditions are met: participants are adults who do not belong to vulnerable populations, and the study uses non-interactive, non-invasive, non-identifiable data collection methods in public settings. This research specifically involved collecting online opinions from adult gamers about their gaming experiences. The data collection was carried out in public venues, using anonymous, non-interactive, and non-invasive techniques that ensured no personal identification of participants from the collected data. As a result, ethics committee approval was not required.

: All participants were informed about the purpose of the study and that their data would be used solely for academic research purposes. Participation was entirely voluntary, and participants were free to discontinue the questionnaire at any time without facing any repercussions. The data collection process was anonymous and designed to ensure that no personally identifiable information was gathered. As the data was collected and analyzed in a manner that prevented the identification of specific individuals, there were no privacy concerns.