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Authors
Wang, Tuoxiong
Zhang, Haomin
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Article History
Received: 20 September 2024
Accepted: 28 February 2025
First Online: 22 March 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was granted an ethical exemption under Category 2 by the University Committee on Human Research Protection (UCHRP) of East China Normal University (approval No. HR281-2022) on April 29, 2022. The exemption was based on the minimal risk associated with the research and the non-identifiable nature of the data collected. The research was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and other relevant guidelines and regulations applicable when human participants are involved.
: As this study was classified as an ethical exemption under Category 2, no formal informed consent process was required. However, participants were informed about the study’s purpose and procedures, and their voluntary participation was assured.
