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Article History

Received: 17 June 2024

Accepted: 3 March 2025

First Online: 15 March 2025

Competing Interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Review Committee of National Changhua University of Education (Approval No. NCUEREC-110-071, dated July 13, 2022). All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee, as well as the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent amendments or comparable ethical standards. The approval covers various aspects of research ethics, including research design, participant recruitment, participant care, and privacy protection.

: Informed consent was obtained in writing through a signed consent form, which was explained to potential participants by research assistants during general education classes at universities across Taiwan. This process took approximately 20 min to ensure participants fully understood the study. The consent form was signed by both the research participant and the principal investigator or designated research staff. The consent covered the following aspects: participation in the research study, use of personal data for research purposes, confidentiality and data protection measures, participant rights (including the right to withdraw), potential risks and benefits of participation, and information on compensation and liability.