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Article History

Received: 14 June 2024

Accepted: 3 March 2025

First Online: 28 April 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study did not involve medical research or experiments on humans. Data were collected through an online questionnaire, with all information kept strictly confidential, anonymous, and used solely for research purposes. Although the researcher’s institution does not require a formal review by an ethics committee for this type of research, the methodology and ethical considerations were thoroughly reviewed by the researcher and the Quality Assurance Committee of the School of Foreign Languages to ensure compliance with ethical standards and approved on June 20, 2023 under the approval number E-001. We collected the data during the first semester of the 2023–2024 academic year (October 2023 – January 2024). The study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants. The participation was wholly voluntary, without any risks, and did not involve any form of compensation. Participants were informed about the overall objectives and aim of the study, the validation procedures of the study requirements, the confidentiality of information, voluntary participation, and the ability to opt out of the study if needed.