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Article History

Received: 2 June 2023

Accepted: 3 March 2025

First Online: 11 April 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The survey experiment described in this paper received IRB approval (Study #STUDY00032182) from the Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects at Dartmouth College. The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The approval was granted on October 7, 2021, following an application on October 3 for the scope of conducting this survey.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants. We obtained written consent from respondents prior to them taking the survey. The dates changed depending on when respondents completed the survey. The scope of the consent covers participation and data use. The study does not involve vulnerable individuals. • Principal Investigator: Charles Crabtree • Address: Charles Crabtree, Department of Government, 211 Silsby Hall, 3 Tuck Mall, Hanover, NH 03755. Telephone Number: +1 (720) 236-0778. • I am asking you to be in a research study. This form gives you information about the research. Whether or not you take part is up to you. You can choose not to take part. You can agree to take part and later change your mind. Your decision will not be held against you. Please ask questions about anything that is unclear to you and take your time to make your choice. • Why is this research being done? I am asking you to be in this research because I want to study individual behavior. This research is being done to find out how people respond to different survey questions. • What will happen in this research study? Procedures 1. Click ‘yes’ at the bottom of this consent form if you agree to participate in this study. Then, click the arrow button on the bottom-right corner of the page to begin. 2. Answer some questions and potentially complete some tasks. You might be contacted to participate in future research projects. • What are the risks and possible discomforts from being in this research study? There is a risk of loss of confidentiality if your information or your identity is obtained by someone other than the investigators, but precautions will be taken to prevent this from happening. The confidentiality of your electronic data created by you or by the researchers will be maintained to the degree permitted by the technology used. Absolute confidentiality cannot be guaranteed. You may feel emotionally uneasy when asked to make judgments based on the information provided in the study. • What are the possible benefits from being in this research study? You will help advance our understanding of individual behavior among people in your country. • What other options are available instead of being in this research study? You may decide not to participate in this research. • How long will you take part in this research study? I estimate that you will spend 15-20 minutes participating in this particular study. • How will your privacy and confidentiality be protected if you decide to take part in this research study? Efforts will be made to limit the use and sharing of your personal research information to people who have a need to review this information. Your research records will be kept on a Dartmouth office device, a university-approved and secure device. In the event of any publication or presentation resulting from the research, no personally identifiable information will be shared. I will do my best to keep your participation in this research study confidential to the extent permitted by law. • Will you be paid to take part in this research study? Participants will receive compensation from the survey firm for their participation. • What are your risks if you take part in this research study? Taking part in this research study is voluntary. You do not have to be in this research. • If you choose to be in this research, you have the right to stop at any time. • If you decide not to be in this research or if you decide to stop at a later date, there will be no penalty or loss of benefits to which you are entitled. • If you have questions or concerns about this research study, whom should you call? Please call the head of the research study (principal investigator), Charles Crabtree at (crabtree@dartmouth.edu) if you have questions, complaints, or concerns about the research, or believe you may have been harmed by being in the research study. • Informed consent to take part in research: Your participation implies your voluntary consent to participate in the research. Please keep or print a copy of this form for your records.