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Article History

Received: 19 February 2024

Accepted: 4 March 2025

First Online: 1 April 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study obtained approval from the Research Ethics Board at Northwest University on September 1, 2021. Although no specific approval number was assigned, the research was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines set forth by the university. Simultaneously, in studies involving human participants, all procedures adhered to the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee, as well as the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: The researcher sought and gained the consent of the participants to take part in the study prior to data collection in January 2022. All 349 accepted and voluntarily participated in the study after the researcher assured them of anonymity and that their responses were solely for academic purposes.