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Article History

Received: 29 November 2023

Accepted: 10 March 2025

First Online: 20 March 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The researchers confirm that all research was performed in accordance with relevant guidelines/regulations applicable when human participants are involved (e.g., Declaration of Helsinki or similar). This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology, with the approval number: HVUST-2022-01-0016. The approval is valid from January 16, 2022, to January 16, 2025. The scope of approval covers the collection and use of survey data from university students, with particular attention to informed consent and data confidentiality.

: Consent was obtained in written form, with participants signing an informed consent form, and the process took place from May to September 2023. All authors of this manuscript obtained consent from all university students participating in the study. Participants agreed to take part in the study, understanding the nature and scope of their involvement, and consented to the collection and use of their data (including survey responses, interview records, etc.) for analysis by the research team. They also consented to the potential use of study results for academic publications, with strict confidentiality of personal information, and their data will not be used for any other purposes.