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Article History

Received: 5 May 2024

Accepted: 10 March 2025

First Online: 1 April 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval was not required as the study did not involve human participants.

: This study utilized the following data sources: (1) 9·5 Luding Earthquake disaster data from the (publicly reported by government agencies and authorized media outlets), (2) anonymized donation statistics from official charitable platforms (no personal identifiers included), (3) socioeconomic data from the Sichuan Statistical Yearbook (publicly available government-published material), and (4) social media engagement metrics (total discussion volume related to the earthquake, excluding any textual content, user identities, or personal information). So, the informed consent was neither required nor sought.