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Authors
Radfar, Erfan
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Article History
Received: 26 October 2024
Accepted: 13 March 2025
First Online: 13 May 2025
Competing interests
: The author declares no competing interests.
: This study has exclusively used open-access data from companies actively traded on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). As no individual participants were directly involved in the research, we confirm that ethical approval was not required, and no ethical guidelines or codes were violated during the course of this investigation.
: This study has exclusively used open-access data from companies actively traded on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). As no individual participants were directly involved in the research, we confirm that informed consent was not required.
