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Article History

Received: 29 April 2024

Accepted: 17 March 2025

First Online: 3 April 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethics Review Committee of the School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology (Approval number is IRB202310, date: 1 July 2023). All procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Because this study collected data online, we obtained participants’ informed consent via online surveys before each survey began. On the first page of every survey, we informed participants of the study’s purpose, the scope of data usage, and the assurances of anonymity and confidentiality. Participants were required to read this information and confirm their consent before they were allowed to proceed with the survey. Therefore, the data for this study was obtained with the consent of the participants. Specifically, on the first page of the questionnaire, we included information regarding the consent procedures, informed all participants that this study aims to explore work behaviors in remote work, assured them of the confidentiality and anonymity of their responses. At the same time, we informed all participants that their responses would be used solely for academic purposes, that the dataset would be strictly handled and stored by the authors, and that no risks were involved. Participants responded to the survey measures voluntarily, the author obtained formal consent from the participants through the online questionnaire before each survey began. In addition, this study does not involve any vulnerable participants.