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Article History

Received: 19 August 2024

Accepted: 17 March 2025

First Online: 26 March 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received ethical approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee of the School of Foreign Languages and Cultures at Panzhihua University (Approval No.: HRECA23-006-3). Approval was granted on December 26, 2023, prior to the commencement of the research. All research procedures were conducted in strict accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The ethical approval covers all aspects of the study, including participant recruitment, questionnaire administration, and data analysis. The investigation period spanned from December 26, 2023 to February 26, 2024.

: Informed consent was obtained in electronic written form from all participants prior to their participation in the questionnaire survey. The consent process clearly informed participants about the purpose of the research, how their data would be used, and assured them of confidentiality and anonymity. Participants were informed that their participation was entirely voluntary, and they could withdraw from the study at any time without consequences. All participants were adults (above 18 years of age). The informed consent covered participation, data use, and consent to publish anonymized results.