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Article History

Received: 18 June 2024

Accepted: 18 March 2025

First Online: 7 April 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures of this study adhere to the Declaration of Helsinki and the Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Human () promulgated by China. Specifically, this study is not medical research and does not involve human experimentation as defined in the Declaration of Helsinki, and the questions in the questionnaire have no adverse effect on the mental health status of the respondents. This study uses anonymized data to conduct research, causing no harm to the human body and involving neither sensitive personal information nor commercial interests. According to the regulations of the authors’ institution, ethical approval is not required for this questionnaire-based study.

: Informed consent was obtained from the respondents included in the study. Before participating in the questionnaire, respondents were presented with the informed consent form, which informed them of the purpose of the study, the confidentiality and anonymity of the information, the voluntary nature of their participation, and the right to withdraw from the study at any time. All respondents agreed to participate in the study and consented to have their data processed.