Document is current

Article History

Received: 21 January 2024

Accepted: 28 March 2025

First Online: 11 April 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Philosophy, Wuhan University, China (Approval ID: WHU-PSY-2021013; Date: March 1, 2021). The approval scope covers all procedures involving human participants, including experimental design, data collection, and analysis. All procedures adhered strictly to the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants were provided detailed information about the study’s purpose and procedures prior to obtaining written informed consent. No personally identifiable data (e.g., names, addresses) were collected, with the anonymity and confidentiality of all participants maintained throughout the research process. Individuals retained the right to withdraw participation at any stage without consequence.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before each survey. For Study 1, consent was collected on April 4, 2021, and for Study 2, consent was obtained on April 5 and 13, 2022. The consent form clearly stated the study’s purpose, procedures, and confidentiality measures, and emphasised that participation was voluntary. Participants were informed that their anonymity would be strictly preserved through the exclusion of personally identifiable data collection, with all responses stored securely for academic analysis only. They were informed of their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. As all participants were adult employees and no vulnerable groups were involved, no additional consent procedures were required.