Document is current

Article History

Received: 2 July 2024

Accepted: 31 March 2025

First Online: 24 April 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This investigation is part of the broader “Challenge the Planetary Challenges” project, funded by the Emilia Romagna Region (Italy), intending to evaluate Italian citizens’ opinions and attitudes regarding primary concerns associated with global challenges in the foreseeable future. The study adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the independent ethics committee of Pavia—namely “Comitato etico territoriale Pavia 6” (protocol n. 42065-2023, 31 July 2023).

: Participants were provided with written information before the start of the online survey regarding the voluntary nature of participation, data protection, and the study’s objectives. To proceed, participants were required to confirm their informed consent by selecting the option: “I agree to proceed.” Participation remained voluntary, and individuals could withdraw at any time by closing the browser. The data were collected anonymously, ensuring that individuals could not be identified, and only persons of legal age were included in the survey.