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Article History

Received: 6 August 2024

Accepted: 1 April 2025

First Online: 15 April 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Research involving human participants was approved by the Ethics Committee of Lingnan Normal University on March 12, 2024, and was conducted in strict accordance with the ethical exemption provisions for minimal-risk studies. In accordance with Article 15, Chapter 4 of the Ethics Committee Charter of Lingnan Normal University (Lingnan Research [2019] No. 292), written informed consent from participants or their legal guardians/next of kin was not required, provided that national regulations and institutional policies were followed, that participants were explicitly informed the data would be used solely for academic purposes, and that no personal identifiers would be included.

: In accordance with the regulations of the Ethics Committee of Lingnan Normal University, this study is classified under the ethical exemption and does not require a formal informed consent procedure. However, all participants were informed of the research purpose, procedures, confidentiality protocols, and their right to withdraw at any time. Voluntary participation was ensured for all participants.