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Article History

Received: 9 September 2024

Accepted: 1 April 2025

First Online: 30 August 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This article includes human participants, and the study has been reported and approved by the Ethic Committee for Scientific Research School of Educational Sciences, Chongqing Normal University on 15th May 2021. Approve number is CNU-PSY-202105-089. Data collections were performed following the guidelines and regulations of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013).

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants. The anonymity of the participants was always guaranteed, and the information obtained was kept in total confidentiality and used only for research purposes. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants on December 13, 2022.

: Consent for publication was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.