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Article History

Received: 30 June 2024

Accepted: 1 April 2025

First Online: 15 April 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The procedures employed in this study adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. According to the ethical guidelines established by the authors’ institution, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai (), our research may be categorized as life science research due to its use of sociological methods for behavioral data collection. However, it does not involve any life science or medical issues, nor does it include the collection of biospecimens, health records, or sensitive personal information. Article 32 of the Institutional Guidelines for Scientific Research Ethics Review states: “Scientific studies involving human data or biospecimens that do not cause harm to the human body, do not involve sensitive personal information or commercial interests, and do not pertain to life sciences or medical issues may be exempt from ethical review to reduce unnecessary burdens on researchers and promote the development of life science and medical research”. Furthermore, Article 32, Item 2 outlines a specific condition for exemption: research that uses anonymized information data. Our study fully meets this criterion, as the data were collected through a voluntary questionnaire, are completely anonymized, non-sensitive in nature, and unrelated to any life science or medical topics.

: Consent was provided through the cover letter attached to the questionnaire. All participants were at least 18 years of age and gave their consent after reading and fully understanding the informed consent form. This process was conducted between March and November 2024. All authors confirm that informed consent was obtained from every participant involved in the study. Participants voluntarily agreed to take part in the research, fully understanding the purpose and scope of their involvement. They consented to the collection and use of their data, including survey responses, for analysis by the research team. Furthermore, participants agreed that the results of the study could be used for academic purposes. All personal information and related data were kept strictly confidential and were not made public. The data will be used solely for the purposes of this research and not for any other use.