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Article History

Received: 23 March 2024

Accepted: 22 April 2025

First Online: 30 April 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and research committee and with the Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The current study protocol was approved by the Human Research Protection Committee of East China Normal University on 21st October 2022 (approval number: HR 618-2022). Data collection began after obtaining ethical permission.

: Prior to conducting the investigation, we provided each participant with a written informed consent questionnaire. All participants were thoroughly informed about the purpose and aims of the study and provided voluntary consent after being assured of their anonymity and the academic use of the collected data. Informed consent was obtained between November and December 2022.