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Article History

Received: 4 June 2024

Accepted: 22 April 2025

First Online: 5 May 2025

Competing interests

: Xingwei Li was a member of the Editorial Board of this journal at the time of acceptance for publication. The manuscript was assessed in line with the journal’s standard editorial processes, including its policy on competing interests.

: The questionnaire and methodology for this study was approved by Medical Ethics Committee of Kunming Medical University (Approval number: KMMU2014004, Date: 12.2014). The research has been conducted in accordance with the relevant guidelines (including Declaration of Helsinki, etc.) applied by Medical Ethics Committee of Kunming Medical University when human participants are involved. The scope of approval covered research locations, procedures, methods, and data monitoring plans, as well as participant-related protocols, including recruitment methods, sample size, consent procedures, compensation, and disclosure of potential risks and benefits.

: Written informed consent to participate in the studies was obtained from the participant by experimenters just before the experiments, on September 2018 and November 2020 in Meng-ding town experiments, and on September 2018 and January 2021 in Meng-sa town experiments. The scope of consent included participation, de-identified data use and sharing, as well as consent to publish. Each participant received a participation fee for their time and effort. Furthermore, upon completion of the experiment, the experimenter randomly selected one out of the 40 choices from the 4 experiments to determine an additional payoff based on the participants’ decisions. All participants were fully informed that their anonymity is assured, why the research is being conducted, how their data will be utilized, and of any risks associated with participating in the study.