Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Bojić, Ljubiša https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5371-7975
Kovačević, Predrag https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2545-9240
Čabarkapa, Milan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2094-9649
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 24 May 2024
Accepted: 23 April 2025
First Online: 10 June 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research and Development of Serbia (August 1, 2023 / No. 01082023).
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Written consent was obtained from the first cohort of participants in person by Milan Cabarkapa, using an online form accessed on the computers in the room at the Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University of Kragujevac, on September 12, 2023. The second cohort provided written consent remotely via the same online form, administered by the Latenta Market Research Agency on January 29, 2025. The consent covered participation in the survey, as well as the use of data for further analysis and publication. Prior to participation, all participants received detailed information about the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. They were assured of the confidentiality and anonymity of their responses and informed that participation was voluntary. Consent was indicated by clicking a consent button.
: This study involved the use of several large language models (LLMs) to explore aspects of linguistic pragmatics. Specifically, OpenAI’s GPT-2, GPT-3, GPT-3.5, and GPT-4, accessed via the OpenAI Playground with default settings, were utilized on August 30, 2023. Additionally, Google’s Bard platform was employed to conduct the same set of experiments on August 31, 2023. For transparency, the responses generated during these sessions have been publicly released (OSF, ). To verify the consistency and reliability of the model outputs, the testing procedure was repeated on December 9, 2023, yielding comparable results. All model names, access dates, and details regarding the scope of use are provided herein to fully disclose the extent of AI involvement in the research process.
