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Article History

Received: 13 June 2024

Accepted: 23 April 2025

First Online: 11 June 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Before conducting the research, ethical issues were considered, ensuring compliance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The approval was granted by the Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration (Date: 2017.04 / No. DQJB17C09). In this research, all participant information was anonymous.

: Before the research survey questionnaire, the participants received a consent form between August 2018 and November 2018, having read and understood the purpose of the study, which was only to conduct disaster research. The participants could stop anytime if they were unwilling to answer the questions, and they knew no personally identifiable information would be recorded. All datasets will be fully anonymized before analysis.