Document is current

Article History

Received: 29 July 2024

Accepted: 23 April 2025

First Online: 1 August 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Formal ethical approval was not sought for this study, as ethical review is not mandatory for classroom-based studies involving university students in Taiwan when the research poses minimal risk, as confirmed through correspondence with the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan, on December 11, 2024. Nevertheless, all participants were adults aged 18 or older, and written informed consent was obtained prior to the study, ensuring their understanding of the research objectives, voluntary participation, anonymity, and the right to withdraw at any time. The study adhered to established ethical principles and received positive feedback from participants, reflecting a supportive and constructive research environment.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before the study began. The consent covered participation in the study, data collection, and publication of the research findings. The consent process was conducted by the authors on April, 10, 2023. All participants were informed that anonymity would be maintained, and participation was voluntary, with the option to withdraw at any time.