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Article History

Received: 23 August 2024

Accepted: 23 April 2025

First Online: 2 May 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in this study adhere to the ethical standards of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. According to the Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Human Beings () promulgated by China (Article 32: Research that does not cause harm to humans, and does not involve sensitive personal information or commercial interests can be exempted from ethical review), the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the School of Economics and Management, Shanxi University, confirmed the exemption. Specifically, this study does not involve special categories such as minors, individuals with disabilities, prisoners, or other vulnerable populations, and the questions in the questionnaire have no adverse effects on the mental health status of the respondents. Furthermore, this study uses anonymized data to conduct studies, causes no harm to the human body, and involves neither sensitive personal information nor commercial interests. Therefore, this study was reviewed and granted exemption from ethical approval by the Institutional Review Board of the School of Economics and Management, Shanxi University on October 10, 2023 (no exemption number was issued).

: We performed all questionnaires involved in this study from November 2023 to May 2024 via the online survey platform Credamo (). Informed consent was obtained through a confirmation question embedded at the beginning of the online questionnaire. On the first page of every online survey, we informed participants about the study’s purpose, the scope of data usage, the confidentiality and anonymity of the information offered, the voluntary of their participation, and the right to withdraw from the study at any time. Participants were required to read this information and confirm their consent before they were allowed to proceed with the survey. Therefore, the data for this study was obtained with the consent of the participants. Specifically, participants were assured that their anonymity and confidentiality would be strictly protected, with no personally identifiable information collected. At the same time, we informed all participants that their responses would be used solely for academic purposes, and that the dataset would be strictly handled and stored by the authors, without any risk involved. Participants were fully informed that participation was entirely voluntary and that they could withdraw at any time without penalty. The consent covered participation in the study, use of collected data for research purposes, and permission to publish aggregated research findings. Furthermore, this study did not recruit any vulnerable individuals or minors. All data were de-identified during the collection and processing stages, and were used solely for research analysis. Importantly, this study involved no interventions and therefore posed no risk to participants.