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Article History

Received: 13 June 2024

Accepted: 24 April 2025

First Online: 4 May 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study is based entirely on secondary data derived from the 2019 Nature Global PhD Survey, which is publicly accessible and fully anonymised. The dataset was collected and managed by Nature Publishing Group and made available for research and reporting purposes. No new data were collected by the authors, and no interaction with human participants occurred during the course of this study. In accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and institutional policies, ethical approval was not required for this secondary analysis of anonymised, publicly available data.

: As this study uses publicly available and fully anonymised, no direct interaction with human participants occurred, and no identifiable personal information was used. According to the original data source, informed consent was obtained by the data collector from all participants at the time of data collection. Therefore, institutional ethical approval and additional informed consent were not required. This approach aligns with international standards such as the Declaration of Helsinki and guidelines issued by major research ethics authorities (e.g., UKRI, NIH, and BPS).