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Article History

Received: 16 November 2024

Accepted: 25 April 2025

First Online: 3 May 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Business School of Wenzhou University on 21 June 2023(approval number: WZU20230621006). This study is part of a more extensive study on the digital transformation of new agricultural operating entities. Ethical approval covers all aspects of the research, including questionnaire surveys and in-depth interviews, data analysis, and the publication of research findings. This committee reported on the appropriateness of the procedure followed for the study and all research procedures were conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

: All participants were farmers of legal age and accepted voluntary participation. Before the survey, all respondents received comprehensive information detailing the study’s aims and objectives. Anonymity was rigorously guaranteed to ensure that all collected data would be used solely for academic research purposes and that participation involved no foreseeable risks or ethical compromises. In addition, participants were clearly advised before their engagement that their participation was entirely voluntary and that they possessed the unequivocal right to withdraw from the survey at any point without consequence or prejudice. The researchers would inform the participants that submitting the questionnaire would be considered as their consent. The questionnaires submitted by the farmers are regarded as a record and evidence of their informed consent. The questionnaire was administered between August to November 2023.