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Article History

Received: 2 November 2024

Accepted: 28 April 2025

First Online: 5 June 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Directorate of Research and Community Service of Warmadewa University (Approval Number: 328/UNWAR/DPPM/PD-13/2024), granted in April 2024. All procedures involving human participants were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The scope of the approval covered the research design, instrument development, questionnaire distribution, and data collection stages involving human subjects.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants via the questionnaire prior to their involvement in the study. The research team provided clear and comprehensive information regarding the objectives of the study, procedures involved, the voluntary nature of participation, the right to withdraw at any time without consequence, and the assurance of anonymity and confidentiality. Participants were informed that their data would be used solely for academic research purposes and that no personally identifying information would be collected or disclosed.