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Article History

Received: 18 July 2024

Accepted: 28 April 2025

First Online: 13 May 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Harbin Engineering University (Ethics approval number: 2023072301), granted on 23 July 2023, prior to the commencement of the research. The approval remains valid until 23 July 2025 and covers all aspects of the study, including participant recruitment, data collection, and data analysis. All procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations for research involving human participants, including the Declaration of Helsinki, with particular attention to safeguarding participants’ rights, safety, and well-being, as well as ensuring scientific integrity.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants before they began the survey. The survey was conducted between November 2023 and May 2024 using two methods: (1) on-site distribution by W.T.D. and S.F. (MBA mentors), who provided a written informed consent form; and (2) online invitations via Credamo and email, which included an electronic informed consent page. Participants were informed of the study’s purpose, assured that participation was voluntary, and told they could withdraw at any time without penalty. They were also informed that their responses would be anonymized, securely stored, and used solely for academic research. On-site participants signed a written consent form, while online participants indicated consent by checking a box and clicking the “Agree and Continue” button prior to survey access. No identifiable personal data were collected or published.