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Authors
Han, Yuting https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7604-9802
Ji, Feng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2051-5453
Jiang, Zhehan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1376-9439
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Article History
Received: 25 January 2024
Accepted: 28 April 2025
First Online: 26 May 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study utilized anonymized, de-identified educational and administrative data from the National Medical Licensing Examination of China. As the study involves only secondary analysis of de-identified data, it was determined to not require formal ethical review according to the institutional policies on research ethics. This determination is in line with national guidelines on the use of de-identified educational data for research purposes. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
: The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of de-identified data. This study did not involve any interventions or interactions with human subjects, and the data used cannot be traced back to individuals, thus maintaining privacy and confidentiality.
