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Article History

Received: 27 July 2024

Accepted: 28 April 2025

First Online: 6 May 2025

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chengdu Sport University (Approval Code: 2022-25, Date of approval: October 23, 2022). All procedures performed in this study were carried out in strict accordance with the relevant ethical guidelines and regulations set forth by the Ethics Committee. The study protocol was rigorously reviewed to ensure compliance with ethical standards, safeguarding participant confidentiality and rights, and ensuring that all research activities met established scientific and ethical principles.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants’ legal guardians prior to their participation in the study. Consent was gathered from April 25 to April 26, 2023, before participants engaged in questionnaire completion and interviews. During the informed consent process, researchers clearly explained the study’s purpose, content, procedures, and assured participants and their guardians of the confidentiality of personal data and the right to withdraw freely at any point without negative consequences. All participants and their guardians had sufficient time and opportunity to ask questions and consider their participation, thereby ensuring voluntary and informed participation.