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Article History

Received: 3 July 2023

Accepted: 30 April 2025

First Online: 8 May 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were following the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The authors received ethical approval (CNU20230101) from the Human Research Ethics Committee, College of Teacher Education, Capital Normal University, on January 1, 2023. The survey was conducted with the consent of teachers, and explained the purpose and procedure of the study.

: This survey was conducted from March to April 2023. Before initiating the data collection, the researcher sought and obtained the consent of the participants for them to participate in the study. All participants voluntarily participated in the study in acceptance of the researcher’s assurance of anonymity and the use of their responses solely for academic purposes. All information is anonymized, and the submission does not include images that may identify any persons.