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Article History

Received: 14 February 2024

Accepted: 30 April 2025

First Online: 16 May 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The waiver of ethical approval (reference 2023/77) was issued on 21 March 2023 by the Comité d’Éthique Hospitalo-Facultaire Universitaire de Liège (707), University of Liège. The study was submitted for review in advance. As it did not fall within the scope of the Belgian law of 7 May 2004 on experiments involving human subjects—being non-interventional and educational in nature—a full ethical review was not legally required. Due to delays in receiving the formal response and the need to begin activities with participants at the start of the academic year, the study proceeded after submission but before the waiver was received. It was conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines and the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Informed consent was obtained for the period from October 2022 to October 2023 through voluntary participation, confirmed by vocal consent and the submission of written materials. All participants were clearly informed of the study’s objectives, procedures, and the possibility that focus group discussions would be recorded.