Document is current

Article History

Received: 26 September 2024

Accepted: 6 May 2025

First Online: 23 May 2025

Competing interests

: Yating Yu was a member of the Editorial Board of this journal at the time of acceptance for publication. The manuscript was assessed in line with the journal’s standard editorial processes, including its policy on competing interests.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of the Academic Ethics Review Committee of Chengdu Normal University (Article 2). Approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Education and Psychology, Chengdu Normal University, on June 2, 2024 (No. CDNU [2024 (06)]). All procedures used in the study involving human participants followed institutional and/or National Research Council ethical standards.

: All participants were informed of the purpose of the research, and their data would only be used for academic research purposes. Participation is completely voluntary, and participants can terminate the survey at any time without any consequences. The data collection process is anonymous, ensuring that no personally identifiable information is collected. This process was organized uniformly by the faculty for dental students and was completed in May 2024. Since the methods of data collection and analysis do not allow for the identification of specific individuals, there are no privacy concerns.