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Article History

Received: 23 September 2024

Accepted: 6 May 2025

First Online: 16 May 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: We hereby declare, for all due purposes, that the present research project does not require submission to a Research Ethics Committee, in accordance with national and international ethical guidelines for research involving human beings. This study is characterized by: literature reviews and theoretical analyses, without the collection of data involving human participants; case studies conducted without the identification of individuals, without exposure of sensitive or personal data; and opinion polls and open-ended surveys involving non-identifiable participants, and no collection of personal or sensitive data. Therefore, this research does not fall within the categories that require mandatory ethics review.

: This study posed no foreseeable risks to participants and did not involve any intervention or collection of sensitive information. Therefore, formal written informed consent was not required. Nonetheless, all participants were fully informed about: the purpose of the research; the voluntary nature of their participation; the fact that their anonymity and confidentiality were guaranteed; how the collected data would be used (solely for academic purposes, in anonymized and aggregated form); and that there would be no risks or consequences for refusing to participate or withdrawing.