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Article History

Received: 30 April 2024

Accepted: 8 May 2025

First Online: 28 May 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received ethical clearance from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences of the University of Porto, in Portugal (Approval Number: 2023/07-06c). The ethics application was submitted on July 14, 2023, and conditional approval was granted on July 28, 2023, prior to the beginning of data collection. This conditional approval allowed the research team to proceed with data collection, while being subject to minor revisions. The Ethics Committee accompanied the entire process and subsequently issued the final approval on November 8, 2023. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines and the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: In adherence to the Helsinki Declaration, all participants provided written informed consent before participating in the study. They were given detailed information about the purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits involved. Consent was considered given when participants chose to proceed with the recorded interview after reading and signing the consent form. The research team obtained consent on the day of each participant’s interview. To ensure confidentiality, specific dates will not be disclosed, but all consents were obtained between July and September 2023, during which the interviews took place. Participants were fully informed that their participation was entirely voluntary and that they could terminate the interview at any stage without suffering any negative consequences.