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Article History

Received: 3 January 2025

Accepted: 12 May 2025

First Online: 31 May 2025

Competing interests

: The author declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the College of Science and Education, Jinghengyi, Hangzhou Normal University (Approval No. 2023008). The approval was granted in February 2023. The study was conducted in full compliance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, and all research procedures adhered to the relevant guidelines and regulations for studies involving human participants.

: In February 2023, written informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study. The process was carried out by a vocational high school located in Zhejiang Province. A total of 207 students and their parents, who participated in this research, were provided with detailed written consent forms outlining the nature, purpose, and scope of the study. Participants were clearly informed that their involvement was entirely voluntary, and they were free to withdraw from the study at any time without any negative consequences. The scope of the consent included agreement to participate in the study, the use of collected data for academic and research purposes, and consent to publish the results in an anonymized form. All data were handled confidentially and used strictly within the limits outlined in the consent documentation.