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Article History

Received: 24 November 2024

Accepted: 12 May 2025

First Online: 23 May 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The survey conducted in this study adhered to the standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The Yonsei University Institutional Review Board granted ethical approval. Approval number: 202208-HR-2975-01. Date of approval: 2022. 08. 15, The scope of approval: All research variables in this study.

: Obtained. Every participant was provided with information about the objective and extent of this study, as well as the intended utilization of the data. The respondents willingly and freely participated in the study, with their identities kept confidential and their involvement being optional. Prior to participating in the survey, all subjects included in the study provided informed consent. The informed consent was obtained from March 2024 to April 2024 via the website of the research company (Macromil Embrain). The scope of the consent covered participation, data use, and consent to publish. An online explanatory statement and documents related to the exemption from written consent. Since the explanatory statement requires consent three times, it was submitted on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd questionnaires. By default, written consent is waived. The reason for this is as follows. This survey will be conducted through a research company that has the largest panel in Korea (25 years of experience in the industry) called “Macromil Embrain”. Individuals belonging to the panel of Macromil Embrain registered in the company’s survey response system, agreeing to provide their information and survey content. Then, log in to the system and respond to the survey. At this time, the research company announces the contents of the researcher’s survey, and panels interested in the survey participate in the survey. Alternatively, a research company asks those who are qualified to participate in this researcher’s survey (for example, office workers at a domestic company) via e-mail or text message about their intention to participate in the survey. This process is conducted entirely online, and it is practically impossible to obtain the consent of the research subjects because the researcher has no idea which panel will respond to the questionnaire. Sufficient voluntary participation in research is ensured, and explanations regarding the guarantee of withdrawal and suspension of participation are also supervised by the aforementioned research company. A research company manages this company’s website by asking for consent in the process of signing up and registering. When signing up for this company’s service as a panel, these matters are explained in detail, and consent is obtained. Only those who consented to this will participate in the survey. The condition for selecting study subjects is that they must be adult employees working for domestic companies. If participants are adult employees working for a domestic company, there are no special conditions such as regular/non-regular workers. People excluded from the study are those who are not currently working or who do not have the intellectual ability to understand and respond appropriately to the questionnaire. Also, people with limited ability to give consent for research or those who are vulnerable will not be included as research subjects. Only those panels that have voluntarily registered to participate in the survey with the research company (Macromil Embrain) will be subject to the survey. In particular, when issuing a recruitment notice, the general subject and risks of the study will be notified, and personal privacy will be ensured during recruitment. It described steps to be taken to ensure protection and confidentiality. We did not include vulnerable research subjects. The vulnerability can be judged voluntarily by those who responded to the survey. In addition, only those who meet the research company’s own criteria mentioned above participate in the survey. In the case of the 2nd and 3rd surveys, the process and contents of the 1st survey are the same.